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DRAFTS
- “Valuing Demand Response For Meeting Intermittencies,” submitted for IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, 2010 July 25-29
  Utilities must match supply and demand on an instantaneous basis. Generally utilities do so by controlling supply. Sometimes utilities find controlling demand to be a better alternative. When the duration of interruption is less than the standard transaction periods, such as a clock hour, WOLF provides a short interval pricing mechanism that creates a formulary auction for unscheduled flows of electricity.
- Forcing Reserves to Compete With a Physical Market--Draft of 2002 PUF article
  Reliability engineers have structured reserve programs to be noncompetitive. As structured, reserve programs are taxing mechanisms, providing a “Get out of jail free card.” Reserve programs need to be insurance programs with a physical market metric. As an insurance program, reserves would be forced to compete with the physical market. The physical market must include a cash out of delivery imbalances relative to scheduled deliveries. Such competition would reduce the market power that has been associated with existing reserve programs, such as revealed in the Enron “smoking gun” memos.
IEEE Presentations & Papers
- Short Run Marginal Cost Pricing For Fast Responses on the Smart Grid, Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, 2010 January 19-21
  The growth of the Smart Grid will increase the interdependence of the electric grid, requiring ways for utilities to pay each other and their customers for automated responses to happenings on the grid.
- Short Run Marginal Cost Pricing for Fast Responses on the Smart Grid
  Presentation slides associated with this paper
- NERC Control Area Criteria Task Force Presentation-Albuquerque 2000 February 15/16
  Control Areas should have a way to pay for the unscheduled flows they have with neighboring control areas, such that each are compensated for loop flow, inadvertent interchange, and reactive power. The Lake Erie doughnut creates major loop flow concerns in the Eastern United States and Canada.
- “The WOLF in Pricing: How the Concept of Plug, Play, and Pay Would Work for Microgrids”, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, January/February 2009--Galley Proof
  The PDF version of the final document is over 10 MG.
- Letter to Editor IEEE PES Magazine--2009 MarApr
  Microgrid development is already providing much of the infrastructure for real time pricing of reactive power on an RKVAH basis, with the reactive power price being a function of the local active power price and voltage condtions.
- IEEE Reliability & Maintainability Symposium-1998
  Real-Time Reliability-Based Electricity Pricing
- 2008 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 2008 April 2
  “Paying DG To Provide Power When Power Is Needed,” Special Interests Session III, Rethinking T&D Architecture for DER: HOW?, Powering Toward the Future
NRRI Magazines
- Thirty-One Flavors or Two Flavors Packaged Thirty-One Ways-1995
  Though FERC and Others Proposed Many Different Ancillary Services to be Traded in the Market, There Are only Two Products That Can Be Measured: Active and Reactive Power. The Various Ancillary Services Are Merely Ways to Package These Deliveries
- Daily Cashouts of Gas Imbalances Using A Formulary Auction-1999
  A Walrasian type auction can be used to price gas imbalances, both daily imbalances and non-ratable takes of gas throughout the day.
- Metrics for Operating Reserves-1998
  When Entities Buy and Sell Reserves, There Should Be an Associated Delivery Profile For the Obligation to Receive and Deliver Power After an Initiating Event
- Fungible Distribution Tariffs-2000
  Supporting Distributed Generation Without Bankrupting the Utility. Real Time Pricing Can Encourage DG To Be in the Right Place at the Right Time
- Creating an Automatic Market for Unscheduled Electricity Flows-2005
  The North American Electricity Market Could Improve Its Reliability Metrics by Pricing Unscheduled Flows of Electricity on a Real Time Basis. When India Began Pricing Unscheduled Interchange, Frequency Variations Decreased Greatly in Magnitude
Wind Farms
- Renewable Electric Power—Too Much of a Good Thing: Looking At ERCOT
  The growth in wind power has sometimes created surpluses on the electric system. Though the surplus is due to the growth of wind, all must share the effect, with the price for electricity dropping precipitously. In Texas the price has dropped below zero for many time periods. More needs to be done. August 2009 issue of Dialogue, by the US Association for Energy Economics
- Pricing Intermittency--Filed in RM05-25
  This paper was based on a NERC finding by its Joint Inadvertent Interchange Task Force that frequency drives the value of reliability in regard to unscheduled flows of electricity.
- "WOLF Pricing for ACE Sharing"
  "Creating an Intra-Hour Market on Bonneville Power Authority As Part of the Wind Integration Rate Case"
- Intrahour Pricing
  Paper on how BPA could price power on an intra-hour basis.
Conference Papers
- 27th USAEE/IAEE North American Conference, Houston, Texas, 2007 September 16-19
  Better Pricing Of The Energy Balancing Market
- 28th USAEE/IAEE North American Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2008 December 4-6
  WOLF at the Door: Valuing Intermittent Wind Power For Electricity Dispatchers?
- 2nd Latin American Meeting on Energy Economics
  The WOLF at the Door: Creating a Competitive Market for Isolated Electric Systems
Public Utilities Fortnightly
- Tie Riding Freeloaders-1989
  "The True Impediment to Transmission Access" is that there is not a pricing mechanism in place for inadvertent interchange, loop flows, reactive power and other forms of unscheduled flows of electricity.
- Electricity Is Too Chunky-1998
  The Midwest power prices during Summer 1998 were neither too high nor too low. They were too imprecise
- Saving California With Distributed Generation-2001
  A Crash Program To Use Small, Standby Diesel Generators To Keep The Lights On--The California Power Shortage of 2000/2001 Could Have Been Avoided With Appropriate Pricing to Incent the 30,000 MW of Small Generators to Operate in Parallel With the Grid
FERC Comments
- AD05-1 Reactive Power Investigation
  Comments on FERC Investigation into Efficient and Reliable Power Supply and Consumption
- RM04-7:Reactive Power
  A formulary market should be used for reactive power instead of cost based rate schedules
- AD09-4 Renewable Resources
  On the need to pay for virtual storage and transmission instead of forcing renewable resources to provide their own
- AD09-10, Demand Response, “TRUST BUT VERIFY AND THEN CASH-OUT”
  The nuclear disarmament plan at the end of the cold war resulted in the mantra, “Trust but Verify.” To get Demand Response to work better, the industry needs to develop a related mantra, such as Trust, Verify, and Cash-Out Imbalances.
Other Publications
- Microgrids and financial affairs - creating a value-based real-time price for electricity, Cogneration & On-Site Power, 2007 November
  For microgrids to be financially viable, there must be a way for participants to pay each other as peers and for the microgrid to interact with any larger grid as a peer. The payment mechanism also needs to provide incentives for buyers and sellers to do the right thing.
Comments--Overseas Venues
- Comments on UI Pricing
  Comments of Mark B. Lively, Utility Economic Engineer, On Explanatory Memorandum For Revision in Unscheduled Interchange Mechanism Produced by ABPS Infrastructure Advisory Private Limited
- Comments on Reactive Power Market
  Comments of Mark Lively to the U.K. Office of Gas and Electricity Markets on the Feasibility of Creating a Market for Reactive Power